JOSPT Volume 20, Number 5, “Muscle Torque Changes Caused by Inertial Exercise Training”, Mark Albert, MEd., PT, ATC; Ellen Hillegass; Peter Spiegel, November 1994

This research was the first to document superior strength gains in training with the Impulse versus other methods of training.  Here inertial exercise outperformed isokenitics, theraband, and free weights as measured by isokenitics. The final result measured being strength gains both eccentrically and concentrically.

Journal of Athletic Training, NATA, Volume 30, Number 1, “Functional Plyometric Exercises for the Throwing Athlete”, David Pezzullo, MS, PT, ATC; Steven Karas, MS, ATC; James Irrgang, MS, PT, ATC March, 1995

This paper reviewed the practical application of the Impulse to the throwing athlete.  It chronicles the performance aspect of training as no other training device known can duplicate the functional angular velocities of inertial exercise.  

This paper duplicated the Albert et.al. research with an emphasis on EMG. (The Albert paper only measured strength gains).  This paper documents considerable EMG activity in several modes of muscle contraction.  Again the Impulse outperformed other forms of training both in strength gains as well as EMG volume.

Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, Volume 33, Number 10, “Electromyographic activity and applied load during seated quadriceps exercises”, James W Matheson, Thomas W. Kernozek, Dennis C.W., and George J. Davies, October 2001

This paper compares the Impulse to other forma of strength training such as free weights, isokenitics, and theraband much like the previous papers.   However, this paper tests the lower extremities rather than the upper extremities.  EMG analysis was the main interest, however strength gains were measured.   The results were similar to previous research in that the Impulse outperformed the other training devices and techniques in both strength gains and EMG activity.